Mortality rate France 1750 40/1000 1800 25/1000 Population in Millions, Great Powers England France Preussen Osterreich Russia US 1750 7.4 23 1800 16 27.3 26 35.5 5.3 1850 27.5 35.6 16 36.9 57 23.2 1860 29 36.5 18.5 36 31.4 1870 31.6 36.9 24.5 35.8 39.8 . Workforce Distribution, France Agriculture Industry Services 1840-1845 51.9% 26% 22.2% 1866 48.8% 27.9% 22.3% 1896 44.8% 28.6% 26.6% 1906 42.7% 28.2% 28.1% Workforce Distribution, United States of America Agriculture Industry Construction 1839 72% 17% 10% 1844 69% 21% 9% 1849 60% 30% 9% 1854 57% 29% 13% 1859 56% 32% 11% US IMPORTS/EXPORTS, MILLIONS OF $ Total Imports Total Exports Cotton Exports Cotton Percentage Manufactured Wares 1830 63 59 30 51% 19 1840 98 112 64 57% 32 1850 174 135 72 53% 43 1860 354 316 192 61% 88

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Industrial Workers FR

1815-1825 350,000

1825-1835 500,000

1835-1845 750,000

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Coal Miners FR

1851 33,600

1872 92,000

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Coal Production

------------France------------UK---------------USA

1815--850,000 T

1821-----------------------8M T

1831---2M T---------------30M T

1841---4M T---------------40M T

1851--6.8M T--------------60M T--------------7M T

1861--12M T---------------83M T

1870 13M T

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Wine Production France--Millions of Hectolitres

1816---30

1847---50

1875---83

(Wine prices 1820-1850 decline 20% on average)

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Canals Length

----------------UK--------------FR-------------US

1812------------------------------------------160km

1815-------------------------1,200km

1830---------6,800km

1833-------------------------5,000km

1840-----------------------------------------5,300km

On its back, a horse can carry 120kg, towing a barge along a canal, that same horse can pull 50 tons at more than 6.5 kmh

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Roads in France

1824

14,000 km in good condition

14,000km in need of repair

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Duration Paris-Lyon (512km/320 miles)

1816----------------------------------------1848-----------------------------------------------------------------------1870

4-5 days (avg. speed ca. 4.5 kmh)----------2 days (33 hrs by malle-poste= avg. speed ca. 15.5kmh)-------------9 hrs

malle-poste avg. speed 12-20 kmh, diligence 3-6 kmh

Duration Paris-Bordeaux (ca. 560km/350 miles)

1816----------------------------------1848--------------------1870

6 days (ca. 5kmh or 3 mph)-----------2 days-------------------10 hrs

Transportation Cost FR 1800-1850 drops 50%

Textiles is No 1 FR industry, cotton industry is 2nd in world (1852)

50% of Lyon’s silk production goes to US (1840)

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Duration New York City-Cincinnati (ca. 1000km/630 miles)

1817----------------------------------1850

1 month------------------------------1 week

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UK cast iron production

1840 1860

1.4M T 3.9M T

In France, freight transport via RR is 1/5 the price of road, passenger traffic 4x and freight 10x 1852-1869

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Railroad Network Length (km)

---------UK---------FR--------US---------PR-----------AUT-----------RU------GER (in 1870 borders)

1836------1,600

1840------2,000----------------5,000

1841------------------550

1844------3,200

1845-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3,280

1850------10,600---3,100------14,000-----------------------------------------------------6,000

1851-----------------3,500

1853------11,200

1860---------------------------48,000---------------------------------------------------11,633

1863-----------------16,400

1870------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19,575

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